Preface
1 OVERVIEW
1.1 Workshop

2 GREENHOUSE
2.1 The greenhouse effect
2.1.1 Earth’s energy balance
2.1.2 The greenhouse effect: a two-layer model
2.1.3 The emission height and lapse rate
2.2 Greenhouse gases
2.2.1 Wavelength-dependent black-body radiation
2.2.2 Energy levels and absorption
2.2.3 Broadening
2.2.4 Radiative forcing, logarithmic dependence on CO2
2.2.5 Other greenhouse gases, global warming potential
Box 2.1: The Clausius-Clapeyron relation
2.2.6 The water vapor feedback
2.3 Workshop

3 TEMPERATURE
3.1 Climate sensitivity and the role of the ocean
3.1.1 Equilibrium climate sensitivity
3.1.2 Transient climate sensitivity
3.2 Polar amplification
3.3 “Hiatus” periods
3.4 Stratospheric cooling
3.4.1 Detection and attribution
3.5 Workshop

4 SEA LEVEL
4.1 Global mean sea level changes
4.1.1 Thermal expansion
Box 4.1: Past warm climates
4.1.2 Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
4.1.3 Land water storage
4.1.4 Detection of anthropogenic climate change in GMSL
4.2 Regional sea level changes
4.2.1 Atmosphere-ocean interaction
4.2.2 Land changes
4.2.3 Gravitational effects: sea level fingerprints of melting
4.3 Workshop

5 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
5.1 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution
Box 5.1: The carbon cycle
5.2 The carbonate system
5.2.1 Carbonate system equations
5.2.2 Approximate solution of the carbonate system
5.3 Response to perturbations
5.3.1 Response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration
5.3.2 Response to warming
5.3.3 Long-term decline of anthropogenic CO2
5.4 Workshop

6 OCEAN CIRCULATION
Box 6.1: Ocean temperature, salinity, and water masses
6.1 Observations and projections
6.2 The Stommel model
6.3 Multiple equilibria, tipping points, hysteresis
6.4 Keeping it simple
6.5 Consequences of AMOC collapse
6.6 The oceans and global warming
6.7 Workshop

7 CLOUDS
7.1 Cloud fundamentals
7.2 Moist convection and cloud formation
7.3 Cloud microphysics
7.4 Cloud feedbacks and climate uncertainty
7.5 Workshop

8 HURRICANES
8.1 Factors affecting hurricane magnitude
8.2 Potential intensity
Box 8.1: El Niño, La Niña
8.3 Observed changes to hurricane activity
8.4 Workshop

9 ARCTIC SEA ICE
9.1 Processes and feedbacks
9.2 Detection of climate change
9.3 Future projections
9.4 Workshop
10 GREENLAND AND ANTARCTICA
10.1 Terminology
10.2 Processes
10.2.1 Accumulation
10.2.2 Surface melting and PDD
10.2.3 Calving
10.2.4 Ice flow
10.2.5 Basal hydrology
Box 10.1: Ice ages
10.3 Observed trends and projections
10.4 Workshop

11 MOUNTAIN GLACIERS
11.1 Observed retreat
11.2 Mountain glaciers as a climate indicator
11.2.1 Reconstructing temperature from glacier extent
11.2.2 Ice cores from mountain glaciers
11.3 Glacier dynamics
11.4 Mountain glacier retreat in perspective
11.5 Workshop

12 DROUGHTS AND PRECIPITATION
12.1 Relevant processes and terms
12.2 Why droughts happen, climate teleconnections
Box 12.1: The Indian Ocean dipole
12.3 Detection of climate change
12.4 Observations, paleo proxy data
12.5 Example projections: Southwest United States and the Sahel
12.6 Understanding precipitation trends
12.6.1 Hadley cell expansion and weakening
12.6.2 “Wet getting wetter, dry getting drier” projections
12.6.3 Precipitation extremes in a warmer climate
12.7 A bucket model for soil moisture
12.8 Workshop

13 HEAT WAVES
13.1 Physical processes
13.2 Heat stress
13.3 Future projections
13.4 Workshop

14 FOREST FIRES
14.1 Tools
14.2 Detection of burnt area due to ACC
14.3 Fires and natural climate variability
14.4 Observed global trends and future projections
14.5 Workshop

Notes
Bibliography
Index