About the Authors xi

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

1 An Overview of the Smart Grid 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 An Overview of Smart Grid-Related Organizations 3

1.2.1 SDOs Dealing with the Smart Grid 4

1.2.2 Technical Consortia, Forums, and Panels Dealing with the Smart Grid 9

1.2.3 Other Political, Market, and Trade Organizations, Forums, and Alliances 12

1.3 Status of the United States (US) 15

1.3.1 Strategy Development and Planning 15

1.3.2 Policy and Law Enforcement 18

1.3.3 Government and Company Pilot Projects 19

1.4 Status of the European Union (EU) 20

1.4.1 Activities of the European Union 20

1.4.2 Activities of EU Member Countries 22

1.5 Status of Japan 25

1.6 Status of South Korea 27

1.7 Status of China 28

1.8 Conclusions 30

References 30

2 Renewable Energy Generation 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Renewable Energy Systems and the Smart Grid 37

2.2.1 Hydroelectric Power 37

2.2.2 Solar Energy 40

2.2.3 Wind Energy 51

2.2.4 Fuel Cell 56

2.2.5 Geothermal Energy 60

2.2.6 Biomass 64

2.3 Challenges of Renewable Energy Systems 73

2.3.1 High Capital Cost 73

2.3.2 Integrating Renewable to the On-Grid 74

2.3.3 Reliable Supply of Power 74

2.3.4 Power Transmission 74

2.3.5 Power Distribution 74

2.4 Conclusion 75

References 75

3 PowerGrid 79

3.1 Power Grid Systems 80

3.2 An Overview of the Important Key Standards for the Power Grid 81

3.3 Communications in the Smart Grid 82

3.3.1 Communications for Substations: IEC 61850 Standards 82

3.3.2 Communications for Telecontrol: IEC 60870-5 Standards 88

3.3.3 Inter-Control Center Communications: IEC 60870-6 Standards 93

3.4 Energy Management Systems 97

3.4.1 Application Program Interface: the IEC 61970 Standards 97

3.4.2 Software Inter-Application Integration: the IEC 61968 Standards 102

3.5 Teleprotection Equipment 106

3.5.1 An Overview of the IEC 60834 106

3.5.2 Types of Teleprotection Command Schemes 107

3.5.3 Requirements for Command Type Teleprotection Systems 108

3.5.4 Teleprotection System Performance Requirements 108

3.5.5 Teleprotection System Performance Tests 110

3.6 Application Cases of Related Standards in the Power Grid 111

3.6.1 Case 1: Engineering Process in Smart Substation Automation 111

3.6.2 Case 2: Information Exchange Services and Service Tracking 117

3.7 Analysis of Relationships among Related Standards 125

3.7.1 IEC 61970 and IEC 61968 125

3.7.2 IEC 61850 and IEC 61970 126

3.7.3 IEC 61850 and IEC 60870 126

3.7.4 TASE.2 and MMS 127

3.7.5 Latest Progresses of Related Standards 128

3.8 Conclusion 129

Appendix 3.A A SED File Example (Extensible Markup Language) 129

References 140

4 Smart Storage and Electric Vehicles 145

4.1 Introduction 145

4.2 Electric Storage 146

4.2.1 An Overview of Electric Storage 146

4.2.2 Electric Storage Technologies and Applications 147

4.2.3 Standardization Projects and Efforts 151

4.3 Distributed Energy Resources 154

4.3.1 An Overview of Distributed Energy Resources 154

4.3.2 Technologies and Applications 155

4.3.3 Various Standardization Processes and Projects 158

4.4 E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 160

4.4.1 Introduction of E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 160

4.4.2 The Rise and Fall of Electric Vehicles 161

4.4.3 Types of Electric Vehicles 162

4.4.4 Electric Vehicle Batteries 164

4.4.5 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Opportunities and Challenges 166

4.4.6 Standardization of E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 170

4.5 Conclusion 178

References 180

5 Smart Energy Consumption 183

5.1 Introduction 183

5.2 Demand Response 184

5.2.1 An Overview of Demand Response Technologies 184

5.2.2 Demand Response Technology and Barriers 185

5.2.3 Standardization Efforts Related to Demand Response 186

5.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure Standards 188

5.3.1 The AMI System 189

5.3.2 The IEC 62056 and ANSI C12 Standards 189

5.3.3 Metering Standardization Projects and Efforts 194

5.4 Smart Home and Building Automation Standards 197

5.4.1 ISO/IEC Information Technology - Home Electronic System (HES) 198

5.4.2 ZigBee/HomePlug Smart Energy Profile 2.0 207

5.4.3 OpenHAN 2.0 217

5.4.4 Z-Wave 221

5.4.5 ECHONET 224

5.4.6 ZigBee Home Automation Public Application Profile 228

5.4.7 BACnet 231

5.4.8 LONWORKS 233

5.4.9 INSTEON 235

5.4.10 KNX 235

5.4.11 ONE-NET 238

5.4.12 A Comparison of Smart Home and Building Automation Standards 239

5.5 Conclusion 242

References 242

6 Communications in the Smart Grid 247

6.1 Introduction 247

6.1.1 Communication Requirements for the Smart Grid 248

6.1.2 List of Standards 250

6.2 Architecture of the Communication System in the Smart Grid 256

6.2.1 IP in the Smart Grid 257

6.3 Wired Communication 259

6.3.1 Power Line Communication 259

6.3.2 Optical Communication 264

6.3.3 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Ethernet 266

6.4 Wireless Communication 268

6.4.1 Introduction 268

6.4.2 Wireless Very Short Distance Communication 270

6.4.3 Wireless Personal and Local Area Networks and Related Technologies in the Unlicensed Spectrum 275

6.4.4 Cellular Networks in the Licensed Spectrum and WiMAX Technology 285

6.4.5 Satellite Communication 291

6.5 Conclusion 292

References 294

7 Security and Safety for Standardized Smart Grid Networks 299

7.1 Introduction 299

7.2 Threats and Vulnerabilities of Smart Grids 300

7.2.1 Network Vulnerabilities 300

7.2.2 Errors of Communications 301

7.3 Communication Network Standards of Smart Grids 302

7.3.1 Wireless Network Standards 302

7.3.2 Wired Network Standards and Their Safety Extensions 302

7.4 Wireless Network Security Mechanisms in the Smart Grids 303

7.4.1 An Overview of Security Mechanisms in the Wireless Standardized Smart Grid 303

7.4.2 Device Joining 303

7.4.3 Securing Normal Traffic 307

7.5 Wired Network Security/Safety Mechanisms in the Smart Grid 309

7.5.1 An Overview of Security Technologies in the Wired Smart Grid 310

7.5.2 Basic Security Mechanisms of Communication Infrastructure 311

7.5.3 Principles of Safety Extensions 312

7.5.4 Security Measures of Safety Extension 313

7.6 Typical Standards of Functional Security and Safety 316

7.6.1 IEC 62351 Standards 316

7.6.2 IEC 61508 Standards 319

7.7 Discussion 321

7.7.1 Safety versus Security 321

7.7.2 Security Level 321

7.7.3 Safety Level 322

7.7.4 Open Issues 322

7.8 Conclusion 324

References 325

8 Interoperability 329

8.1 Introduction 329

8.1.1 Interoperability and Interchangeability 330

8.1.2 The Challenges of Network Interoperability 330

8.1.3 Adding Application Interoperability 331

8.2 Interoperability Standards 332

8.3 NIST Identified List of Standards to Be Reviewed 333

8.4 NIST Interoperability 339

8.5 Conceptual Reference Model for the Smart Grid 339

8.6 Different Priority Areas Identified for Standardization 340

8.6.1 Wide-Area Situational Awareness 341

8.6.2 Demand Response and Consumer Energy Efficiency 341

8.6.3 Smart Energy Storage 342

8.6.4 Electric Transportation 342

8.6.5 Cybersecurity 342

8.6.6 Network Communications 343

8.6.7 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 344

8.6.8 Distribution Grid Management 344

8.7 Priority Action Plans 344

8.8 Different Layers of Interoperability 346

8.9 Conclusion 347

References 348

9 Integration of Variable Renewable Resources 351

9.1 Introduction 351

9.2 Challenges of Grid Integration of Intermittent Renewable Systems 352

9.2.1 Operation of a Conventional Electric Power System 352

9.2.2 Impact of Adding Intermittent Renewable Systems to the Power Grid 354

9.3 Transitioning to Highly Renewable Electricity Grid 357

9.3.1 Planning Studies 357

9.4 Very High Penetration and Grid-Scale Storage 363

9.4.1 Grid-Matching Analysis - Case of the Israeli Grid 363

9.4.2 Storage Design and Dispatch - Case of Interconnected Grid 366

9.5 List of Standards Related to Integration of Renewable Resources 374

9.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 375

References 375

10 Future of the Smart Grid 379

10.1 The Premise of the Smart Grid 379

10.2 What the Smart Grid Should Deliver? 380

10.2.1 Clean Electricity 381

10.2.2 System Flexibility 381

10.2.3 Affordable Service 383

10.2.4 Reliable and Sustainable Electricity Grid 387

10.3 Challenges of the Smart Grid 387

10.3.1 Designing for a Broader Purpose 387

10.3.2 Operational Challenges 389

10.3.3 Policy Challenges 390

10.4 Future Directions 391

10.5 Conclusion 392

References 392

List of Standards for the Smart Grid 395

Index 459