List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix

Acknowledgements xvii

Foreword xix

Introduction and Overview xxi

1 A Highly Mobile Planet and Its Challenges: Automobile Dependence, Equity and Inequity 1

Sustainable transportation 1

What is sustainable transportation about? 1

Unsustainable transportation: The magnitude of the problem 3

Hypermobility 3

The problems of automobile dependence 7

Equity and auto dependence 16

Conclusions 21

2 Automobile Cities, the Car Culture and Alternative Possibilities 25

Introduction 25

Walking cities, transit cities and automobile cities 25

Additional lessons from city types 29

Car culture 31

Tourism: The car culture evolves into the fly-drive and recreational vehicle cultures 42

Conclusions 46

3 History of Sustainable and Unsustainable Transportation: From Walking to Wheels and Back to Walking 51

Transportation history: The intersection of modes, infrastructure and society 51

Transportation infrastructure: From animal paths to 'Good Roads' 63

The rise of automobility 66

Rail and railways 74

Maritime and water travel 75

Feat of flying 76

Telecommunications and transportation 77

Lessons for sustainable transportation 78

4 Modes, Roads and Routes: Technologies, Infrastructure, Functions and Interrelatedness 87

Introduction 87

In-town modes: Getting to work, school, shopping, services and recreation 88

Regional-metropolitan area modes: Long commutes, regional services, recreation, peak demand 102

The barrier effects of different rights of way 104

Long distance: Modes and types of travel 105

Sustainability considerations 113

Futuristic modes 118

Conclusions 120

5 Moving Freight, Logistics and Supply Chains in a More Sustainable Direction 123

Introduction and overview 123

Background to current freight movement factors 125

Factors that shape freight movement: Supply chains, logistical systems and shipping strategies 125

Problems of global supply chains 138

Total logistics cost: Widgets near or widgets far? 139

Elements aimed at increasing freight sustainability 140

Considerations of policy change 148

De-globalization of freight? 150

6 Transportation Economics and Investment: Improving Analysis and Investment Strategies 153

Introduction 153

Basic concepts and principles 154

Current evaluation methods 155

Hidden and intentional subsidies and externalities 159

Opportunity costs 167

Critique of current methods with respect to sustainable outcomes 171

Regulation versus pricing 172

Time-area: An important tool for analysing a transportation investment 174

Moving public policy and investment evaluation towards promoting sustainability 174

Case studies 179

7 Public Policy and Effective Citizen Participation: Leadership, Deliberation, Back-Casting, Scenarios, Visualization and Visioning 189

The public, policy and participation 189

Transportation policy: From mobility promotion to mobility management and sustainability 190

The public and participation 196

Public participation in transportation 200

From business as usual to sustainability in transportation 210

8 A New Planning Paradigm: From Integrated Planning, Policy and Mobility Management to Repair, Regeneration and Renewal 217

Lessons learned from preceding chapters 217

The recognition of the need for a new paradigm: The Buchanan Report and its critics 221

Overview of the new paradigm: Integrated policy-making, planning and mobility management 223

Towards better management of existing transportation features 223

Integrated planning 228

Moving from planning and policy to regeneration, repair and renewal 236

Sustainable transportation agenda and priorities 253

From the new paradigm to its embodiment 253

9 Exemplars of Sustainable Transportation: Walking the Talk in Vancouver, Portland, Boulder, Freiburg, Seoul and Surubaya 259

Introduction 259

The exemplars 261

Conclusions 295

10 Conclusion: Growing More Exemplars 299

Necessities for growing more exemplars 299

Success builds success: The power of demonstration projects 308

Appendix 1 Transit Primer 313

Appendix 2 Sustainable Transportation Resources Toolbox 319

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 323

Glossary 327

Index 329